the famous East-oriented T-O maps that depict the Earth as a round disk, subdivided in three continents by a T-shaped sea and surrounded by an O-shaped ocean), the accurate representation of the Earth as it is known at a particular time has always been an important objective of contemporary map making. Putting aside the Medieval period, when representations of the Earth’s surface were influenced by religious ideology and loaded with symbolic meaning (e.g. 1 From the early days of map making to the present time, the challenge of representing the round Earth or part of it on a flat piece of paper without introducing excessive distortion has attracted the attention of many geographers, physicists, astronomers, mathematicians, and mapmakers.
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